Numerical modelling of particle entrainment in the wheel–rail interface

Abstract The process of applying sand particles to increase the traction between wheel and rail is reported be less than 20% efficient. To better understand entrainment efficiency, simulated using Discrete Element Method. simulation results are validated against full-scale experimental observations in terms efficiency particle velocity for ten case studies with different positioning nozzle. numerical simulations confirm wherein highest can achieved when sander aimed at wheel/rail nip. When aiming wheel, values from experiments show some discrepancy which related assumptions. Calculating coefficients data four cases an un-sanded contact, rail, nip, (all same angle) coefficient all sanded compared case.